Pharmacognosy of clove pdf

We have put total 50 objective type question answers on pharmacognosy, you can practice these question answers for free. Clove stalks are slender stems of the inflorescence axis that show opposite decussate branching. Pharmacognosy history soderlund drugstore museum history. The major compounds present in clove eo were eugenol 91.

Syzygium aromaticum, caryophyllus aromaticus, eugenia. The clove was purchased from local market of lucknow, uttar pradesh in march 2011. Pharmacognosy is the study of starting material and substance intended for therapeutics, and biological origin, in other words obtained from plants animals, or by fermentation from microorganism. The scope of pharmacognosy has expanded from the traditional morphological description of plants and other organisms, to encompass the most modern aspects of molecular science relating to the exploration of naturally occurring. Pdf chemical identification of clove syzygium aromaticum. Myrtaceae should contain nlt 15% vw of clove oil 3. Fundamentals, applications and strategies explores a basic understanding of the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, their constituents and metabolites. There is many of the candidates may appear for this examination every year. Antioxidant activity of clove eugenia caryophyllata thunb.

While the tree is indigenous to the maluka islands of indonesia, cloves also grow naturally in india, the west indies, tanzania, sri lanka, brazil and madagascar. Origin, definition, scope and area, subject matter. The nomenclature pharmacognosy was used first and foremost by c. It is also used as an anodyne and antiseptic in dentistry.

It can cause cyp450 mcq in pharmacognosy and phytochemistry 2 download as word doc. Pharmacognosy, natural products, herbal medicine, pharmacy a natural product is a chemical substance produced by living organisms such as plants, mushrooms, animals, and microorganisms. This is a most useful document in pharmacognosy for d. It has been used as a topical antiseptic as a counterirritant and in dental preparations with zinc oxide for root canal sealing and pain control. Although not currently available in any fdaapproved products including otc. Now, in this more spe cialized era, pharmacognosy deals primar ily with information on the sources and constituents of natural drugs, and phar macology is concerned with their actions and effects. They consist of almost all parts of plants and animals, such as whole plants and herbs, their morphological or anatomical parts, saps, exudates, extracts, secretions and other constituents, whole animals, their anatomical parts, glands or other organs, extracts, secretions and other constituents of. Chemical constituents of clove syzygium aromaticum, fam. Its popularity and longevity stem from the books balance between classical crude and powdered drugs characterization and examination and modern phytochemistry and pharmacology aspects of this branch of science, as well as the editors. The term clove is taken from french word clove and clou grows up to 10 to 12 m in height. This book also provides an indepth look at natural sources from which medicines are derived, their pharmacological and chemical properties, safety aspects, and how they interact with humans. Anees ahmed khalil a, ubaid ur rahman a, moazzam rafiq khan a, amna sahar ab, tariq mehmood ac and muneeb khan a a national institute of food science and technology, faculty of food, nutrition and home sciences, university of agriculture, faisalabad, pakistan.

Neuroprotective effect of ayurveda formulation, saraswatharishtam, on scopolamine induced memory impairment in animal model. The word pharmacognosy is derived from the greek pharmakon, a drug and. In the present context pharmacognosy, since dioscoridess treatise, has spread its tentacles to investigations of a wider section of naturally. The whole results obtained from table 1 indicated that syzygium aromaticum clove possess high amounts of flavonoids and phenols, this observation also reported by several scientists who. The oils of the cloves have been known to stimulate and disinfect a body as it travels through the body. Biological, marine, mineral and plant tissue cultures as sources of drugs.

It is ripe fruit of clove containing a single seed, unilocular. Crude drugs are natural substances which are obtained from a large variety of natural sources. The term pharmacognosy was derived by the merger of two greek words e. International journal of pharmacognosy and chinese medicine taviad k and vekariya s. Pharmacology, like pharmacognosy, is an outgrowth of materia medica, the an cient science that dealt with all aspects of medicinal agents. Trease and evans pharmacognosy ebook william charles. Those candidates are interested in getting admission in the medical courses, they can fill the.

Because cloves showed some promising results during bslt, further testing was done on the clove extract and the essential oil by using an mtt assay to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of cloves on mcf7 cells. Jayasekar krish vigyan kendra, tamil nadu agricultural university, pechiparai 629 161, india abstract clove is one of the most ancient and valuable spices of the world. In a broad sense, pharmacognosy embraces a knowledge of the history, distribution, cultivation, collection, selection, preparation, commerce, identification, evaluation, preservation, and use of drugs and economic substances affecting the health of man and other animals. Pharmacognosy is the branch of knowledge concerned with medicinal drugs obtained from plants or other natural sources.

Moreover, the clove eo was reported to have fungicidal, antiviral, antitumor, insecticidal and anaesthetic properties chaieb et al. Gpat pharmacognosy syllabus 2021 get syllabus pdf here. These are similar in colour to clove and contain less amount of volatile oil than clove 20. Pharmacognosy is the study of natural products and their application in the improvement of health. Clove oil is obtained by distillation of the flowers, stems and leaves of the clove tree eugenia aromatica or eugenia caryophyllata, fam. Hindi pharmacognosy and botany are the two main subject which deals with the study of plant and their related topics. If in powdered form, excess of clove stalk can be made out by the presence of calcium oxalate prism and large thick walled stone cells which however are absent in official clove powder. Garlic has been used medicinally even in ancient egypt. Clove, is a popular spice often used in indian, african, mexican and middle eastern cuisine, and has useful medicinal properties. Apocynacae, papaveraceae, solanaceae, cruciferae, rutaceae, labiatae, graminae. Eugenol is a naturally occurring phenolic molecule found in several plants such as cinnamon, clove, and bay leaves.

A hood which hides numerous stamens is formed by the folding of the four petals which are above the lobes sepals. Pharmacognosy is the study of plants or other natural sources as a possible source of drugs. Presence of clove stalks and fruits in cloves presence of stems and other parts in belladonna. Testing leaves for starch demonstrating that light is dissipated as chlorophyll a fluoresces. It is a perennial herb with narrow, angular, long, fleshy and slightly grayish leaves, rounded flower heads and numerous small bulbs borne in. Place a drop of chloroform extract of clove or clove oil or eugenol on a slide and add to it a drop of 30% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide saturated with sodium bromide. Pharmacognosyhas been coined by the merger of two greek words pharmakon drug and gnosis knowledge i. Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines or crude drugs produced from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and animals.

Digoxin from digitalis species, quinine and quinidine from cinchona species, vincristrine and vinblastine from catharanthus roseus, atropine from atropa belladonna and morphine and codeine from. Morphological, taxonomical, chemical and pharmacological classification of drugs. Sep 22, 2014 consequently, pharmacognosy always keeps its popularity in pharmaceutical sciences and plays a critical role in drug discovery. Syzygium aromaticum extracts as good source brazilian journal of pharmacognosy of betulinic acid and potential antibreast cancer abdalrahim f. Cloves can increase blood circulation and raise a persons temperature slightly. Pdf cloves an important plant source of phenolic compounds.

The national testing agency is shortly known as nta, and it is conducted the gpat 2021 examination, which is commonly known as the graduate pharmacy aptitude test. Needle and pearshaped crystal of sodium euginate arranged in rosette are seen almost immediately. Syzygium aromaticum, caryophyllus aromaticus, eugenia caryophyllata, eugenia caryophyllus family. Clove essential oils were tested for inhibitory activity against important spoilage microorganisms of intermediate moisture foods matan et al. Preparation of ethanolic and methanolic plant extract. Then, 50 mg of clove powder was soaked in 200 ml of distilled water to prepare the aqueous extract. Clove can be bifurcated into the head and the stalk region. Garlic is cultivated all over the country as a spice plant. It includes analysis of their biological, chemical, biochemical, and. Seydler, a medical student in hallesaale, germany, who emphatically employed analetica pharmacognostica as the main title of his thesis in the year 1815. The branches are semi erect, grayish in color and dense. Effects of the ethanolic extracts of guava leaves, licorice roots and cloves on the cariogenic properties of streptococcus mutans.

Full text of pharmacognosy tyler, varro e brady, lynn r. The word purpurea has been derived from the purple colour of flowers. Caryophyllum, clove flower, clove buds, lavang biological source. Garlic is commonly known as stinking rose, poor mans treacle, nectar of the god, lehsun in hindi, ajo in spanish etc. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. As indicated in figure 2, the water extract of cloves had no cytotoxic activity on the mcf7 cancer cells.

The american society of pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources. The cloves have no symmetry except for a few present in the center. The bulbs are pinkishwhite in color and are odoriferous. Myrtaceae and their antioxidant activity mahmoud i. It later gained popularity for relieving scurvy, ear aches, flatulence etc.

D pgdbt,pgdhhm,pgdcaqm unity college of pharmacy raigir v, bhongir m, nalgonda d,ap. The eo of clove was found to have strong antioxidant activity. Aloe ferox miller or cape aloe, aloe perryi baker or socotrine aloe. Clove consists of the dried flower buds of eugenia caryophyllus thumb. Externally, they are brownish, rough, and irregularly wrinkled longitudinally with short fracture and dry, woody texture. Cloves journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. Types software testing pdf, pinetron pdr s2004 pdf file, berloque dermatitis pdf, epochs machine learning pdf, voutik golpo pdf. Clove, historically for a certain period of time around 17th century were grown only on the spice islands or the malaku islands by the dutch to gain monopoly. Cloves syzygium aromaticum, many medicinal uses have been most famously applied to toothache, and for mouth and throat inflammation. Leaves are large oblong to elliptic, simple obovate opposite, glabrous and possess plenty of oil glands on the lower surface.

Pharmacognosy may also be referred to asstudy of sources, and chemical and physical properties of drugs. An extract is a mixture of phytochemicals from any plant which is obtained by extraction of specific parts of the plant. In manufacturing, clove is used in toothpaste, soaps, cosmetics, perfumes, and cigarettes. So, from these chemical constituents it is clear that clove buds essential oil of bangladesh has medicinal properties because of the medicinal. Pdf chemical constituents of clove syzygium aromaticum. It was earlier used to treat conditions such as leprosy. Toxicity assessment of vachellia karro hayne banfi and galasso pods using brine shrimp assay. Antioxidant activity of clove oil a powerful antioxidant. The nomenclaturepharmacognosy was used first and foremost by c. These also contain clove oil but only around 3 to 5% and hence considered as an adulterant. Clove cigarettes, also called kreteks, generally contain 60% to 80% tobacco and 20% to 40% ground clove. Objectives on completion of this lesson, you would be able to know. The latin word clavus means nail shaped, referring to the bud.

Each of these systems has certain advantages and disadvantages and the system to be used by an individual depends on his need and convenience. The american society of pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs. Morphological, chemical and pharmacological classification of drugs, taxonomical study of medicinally important plants belonging to the families with special reference to. Apr 23, 2019 pharmacognosy drugs list february 15, 2020 april 23, 2019 by pharmamad hi guyz here we are presenting pharmacognosy drugs list for d pharmacy. The head portion containing the buds have four projecting calyx teeth or lobes or sepals. Study of medicinally important plants belonging to the families with special reference to. Dec 23, 2017 it can cause cyp450 mcq in pharmacognosy and phytochemistry 2 download as word doc. Syzygium aromaticum clove myrtaceae is known to be a traditional medicinal plant used as an expectorant, antiemetic, stimulant, antiflatulent and for treatment of dyspepsia.

It is pertinent to mention here that the fresh leaves must be dried immediately in the dark at a temperature not exceeding 60c so that the final. The dried flower buds of this tree are the cloves of commerce and used medicinally for countless things. Eugenol, one of the chemicals in clove, acts like menthol to reduce the harshness of tobacco smoke. Mother cloves anthophylli are the ripe fruits of cloves that are ovoid, brown berries, unilocular and oneseeded. The aromatic oils of the clove have a stimulant and irritant effect. Pharmacognosy was developed as a descriptive botanical subject in early days nineteenth and during the last half of the twentieth century, and currently, plantbased drugs are researched and formulated in modern framework of medicine rather than galenical preparations. It is a perennial herb with narrow, angular, long, fleshy and slightly grayish leaves, rounded flower heads and numerous small bulbs borne in a group and surrounded by a white papery sheath. Deanship of scientific research annajah national university pharmacognosy laboratory manual first edition nidal a.

Etymological evidences reveal that pharmacognosy refers to the knowledge from the greek gnosis of drug pharmacon substances. The cloves were milled to fine powder by using a blender. Cultures as sources of drugs, biological, marine, mineral and plant tissue classification of drugs. Thus these systems of classification of crude drugs may be named accordingly as follows. Pharmacognosy has been coined by the merger of two greek words pharmakon drug and gnosis knowledge i. May 27, 2009 this encyclopedic reference work on pharmacognosy covers the study of those natural substances, principally plants, that find a use in medicine. Syzygium aromaticum extracts as good source brazilian. Addition of synthetic principles to fortify inferior. The clove is native to the north moluccas, the spice islands of indonesia. Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family myrtaceae, syzygium aromaticum. Antibacterial activity of syzygium aromaticum clove with.

These carpels may be free apocarpous or united syncarpous the carpel consists of three parts. Siddiqui,1 zhari ismail,1 amin malik shah abdul majid,1 1school of pharmaceutical sciences, universiti sains malaysia, malaysia. Sources of crude drug plant oldest source of drugs. Biological source digitalis comprises of the dried leaves of digitalis purpurea l.